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Cartography, or mapmaking, has been an integral part of the human history for a long time, possibly up to 8,000 years.〔(【引用サイトリンク】Slide #100: The Earliest Known Map )〕 From cave paintings to ancient maps of Babylon, Greece, and Asia, through the Age of Exploration, and on into the 21st century, people have created and used maps as essential tools to help them define, explain, and navigate their way through the world. Maps began as two-dimensional drawings but can also adopt three-dimensional shapes (globes, models) and be stored in purely numerical forms. The term ''cartography'' is modern, loaned into English from French ''cartographie'' in the 1840s, based on Middle Latin ''carta'' "map". ==Earliest known maps== The earliest known maps are of the stars, not the earth. Dots dating to 16,500 BC found on the walls of the Lascaux caves map out part of the night sky, including the three bright stars Vega, Deneb, and Altair (the Summer Triangle asterism), as well as the Pleiades star cluster. The Cuevas de El Castillo in Spain contain a dot map of the Corona Borealis constellation dating from 12,000 BC.〔(http://members.optusnet.com.au/gtosiris/page11-1a.html )〕〔(http://www.infis.org/0000009a440fb2e03/0000009a4507dc512.html )〕 Cave painting and rock carvings used simple visual elements that may have aided in recognizing landscape features, such as hills or dwellings.〔(【引用サイトリンク】Tutorials in the History of Cartography – Overview )〕 A map-like representation of a mountain, river, valleys and routes around Pavlov in the Czech Republic has been dated to 25,000 BC, and a 14,000 BC polished chunk of sandstone from a cave in Spanish Navarre may represent similar features superimposed on animal etchings, although it may also represent a spiritual landscape, or simple incisings. Another ancient picture that resembles a map was created in the late 7th millennium BC in Çatalhöyük, Anatolia, modern Turkey. This wall painting may represent a plan of this Neolithic village;〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/Ancientimages/100B.jpeg )〕 however, recent scholarship has questioned the identification of this painting as a map. Whoever visualized the Çatalhöyük "mental map" may have been encouraged by the fact that houses in Çatalhöyük were clustered together and were entered via flat roofs. Therefore, it was normal for the inhabitants to view their city from a bird's eye view. Later civilizations followed the same convention; today, almost all maps are drawn as if we are looking down from the sky instead of from a horizontal or oblique perspective. The logical advantage of such a perspective is that it provides a view of a greater area, conceptually. There are exceptions: one of the "quasi-maps" of the Minoan civilization on Crete, the “House of the Admiral” wall painting, dating from c. 1600 BC, shows a seaside community in an oblique perspective. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「history of cartography」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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